CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontology
CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontology
- Authors:
- David Shotton^^
- Contributors:
- Paolo Ciccarese^^
CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontology, is an ontology written in OWL 2 DL to enable characterization of the nature or type of citations, both factually and rhetorically, and to permit these descriptions to be published on the Web.
The citations characterized may be either direct and explicit (as in the reference list of a journal article), indirect (e.g. a citation to a more recent paper by the same research group on the same topic), or implicit (e.g. as in artistic quotations or parodies, or in cases of plagiarism).
CiTO contains the object property cito:cites and its sub-properties, and its inverse property cito:isCitedBy, from the original Citation Typing Ontology, CiTO v1.6. Upon the creation of version 2.0 of CiTO, a number of new sub-properties of cito:cites were added, and the inverse properties of all the sub-properties of cito:cites were created, all of which are sub-properties of cito:isCitedBy. The ontology has also been integrated with the SWAN Discourse Relationships Ontology by making cito:cites a sub-property of http://purl.org/swan/2.0/discourse-relationships/refersTo.
Restrictions of domain and range present in the previous version of CiTO have been removed from the object properties of CiTO v 2.0, permitting its independent use in other contexts, in addition to conventional bibliographic citations.
So that they can be used independently, other entities that were previously included in CiTO v1.6 have now been made components of other SPAR ontologies: FaBiO, the FRBR-aligned Bibliographic Ontology; C4O, the Citation Counting and Context Characterization Ontology; and PSO, the Publication Status Ontology.
Summary of Terms
An alphabetical index of NAME terms, by class (concepts) and by property
(relationships, attributes), are given below. All the terms are hyperlinked
to their detailed description for quick reference.
Properties: agreesWith, cites, citesAsAuthority, citesAsDataSource, citesAsEvidence, citesAsMetadataDocument, citesAsRelated, citesAsSourceDocument, citesForInformation, confirms, containsAssertionFrom, corrects, credits, critiques, disagreesWith, discusses, disputes, documents, extends, givesBackgroundTo, givesSupportTo, includesExcerptFrom, includesQuotationFrom, isAgreedWithBy, isCitedAsAuthorityBy, isCitedAsDataSourceBy, isCitedAsEvidenceBy, isCitedAsMetadataDocumentBy, isCitedAsRelatedBy, isCitedAsSourceDocumentBy, isCitedBy, isCitedForInformationBy, isConfirmedBy, isCorrectedBy, isCreditedBy, isCritiquedBy, isDisagreedWithBy, isDiscussedBy, isDisputedBy, isDocumentedBy, isExtendedBy, isParodiedBy, isPlagiarizedBy, isQualifiedBy, isRefutedBy, isReviewedBy, isRidiculedBy, isSupportedBy, isUpdatedBy, obtainsBackgroundFrom, obtainsSupportFrom, parodies, plagiarizes, providesAssertionFor, providesDataFor, providesExcerptFor, providesMethodFor, providesQuotationFor, qualifies, refutes, reviews, ridicules, sharesAuthorsWith, supports, updates, usesDataFrom, usesMethodIn,
Vocabulary classes and properties
Property: cito:containsAssertionFrom
URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/containsAssertionFrom
contains assertion from - The citing entity contains a statement of fact or a logical assertion (or a collection of such facts and/or assertions) originally present in the cited entity. This object property is designed to be used to relate a separate abstract, summary or nanopublication to the cited entity upon which it is based.
- sub-property-of:
- cito:cites
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Property: cito:isPlagiarizedBy
URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isPlagiarizedBy
is plagiarized by - The cited entity is plagiarized by the author of the citing entity, who includes within the citing entity textual or other elements from the cited entity without formal acknowledgement of their source. The cited entity is thus not explicitly cited from within the citing entity, according to the norms of scholarly practice, but is cited implicitly.
- sub-property-of:
- cito:isCitedBy
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Property: cito:plagiarizes
URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/plagiarizes
plagiarizes - The author of the citing entity plagiarizes the cited entity, by including textual or other elements from the cited entity without formal acknowledgement of their source. The citing entity thus contains no explicit citation of the cited entity, according to the norms of scholarly practice, but cites it implicitly.
- sub-property-of:
- cito:cites
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Property: cito:providesAssertionFor
URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesAssertionFor
provides assertion for - The cited entity contains and is the original source of a statement of fact or a logical assertion (or a collection of such facts and/or assertions) that is to be found in the citing entity. This inverse object property is designed to be used to relate a cited entity to a separate abstract, summary or nanopublication based upon it.
- sub-property-of:
- cito:isCitedBy
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