University of Oxford [opens new window]University of Oxford Vocabularies vocab.ox.ac.uk

  • home
  • browse
  • publish
  • about
  • contact
  • help
Login

Loading search

CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontology

CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontology

Authors:
David Shotton^^
Contributors:
Paolo Ciccarese^^

CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontology, is an ontology written in OWL 2 DL to enable characterization of the nature or type of citations, both factually and rhetorically, and to permit these descriptions to be published on the Web. The citations characterized may be either direct and explicit (as in the reference list of a journal article), indirect (e.g. a citation to a more recent paper by the same research group on the same topic), or implicit (e.g. as in artistic quotations or parodies, or in cases of plagiarism). CiTO contains the object property cito:cites and its sub-properties, and its inverse property cito:isCitedBy, from the original Citation Typing Ontology, CiTO v1.6. Upon the creation of version 2.0 of CiTO, a number of new sub-properties of cito:cites were added, and the inverse properties of all the sub-properties of cito:cites were created, all of which are sub-properties of cito:isCitedBy. The ontology has also been integrated with the SWAN Discourse Relationships Ontology by making cito:cites a sub-property of http://purl.org/swan/2.0/discourse-relationships/refersTo. Restrictions of domain and range present in the previous version of CiTO have been removed from the object properties of CiTO v 2.0, permitting its independent use in other contexts, in addition to conventional bibliographic citations. So that they can be used independently, other entities that were previously included in CiTO v1.6 have now been made components of other SPAR ontologies: FaBiO, the FRBR-aligned Bibliographic Ontology; C4O, the Citation Counting and Context Characterization Ontology; and PSO, the Publication Status Ontology.


Summary of Terms

An alphabetical index of NAME terms, by class (concepts) and by property (relationships, attributes), are given below. All the terms are hyperlinked to their detailed description for quick reference.

Properties: agreesWith, cites, citesAsAuthority, citesAsDataSource, citesAsEvidence, citesAsMetadataDocument, citesAsRelated, citesAsSourceDocument, citesForInformation, confirms, containsAssertionFrom, corrects, credits, critiques, disagreesWith, discusses, disputes, documents, extends, givesBackgroundTo, givesSupportTo, includesExcerptFrom, includesQuotationFrom, isAgreedWithBy, isCitedAsAuthorityBy, isCitedAsDataSourceBy, isCitedAsEvidenceBy, isCitedAsMetadataDocumentBy, isCitedAsRelatedBy, isCitedAsSourceDocumentBy, isCitedBy, isCitedForInformationBy, isConfirmedBy, isCorrectedBy, isCreditedBy, isCritiquedBy, isDisagreedWithBy, isDiscussedBy, isDisputedBy, isDocumentedBy, isExtendedBy, isParodiedBy, isPlagiarizedBy, isQualifiedBy, isRefutedBy, isReviewedBy, isRidiculedBy, isSupportedBy, isUpdatedBy, obtainsBackgroundFrom, obtainsSupportFrom, parodies, plagiarizes, providesAssertionFor, providesDataFor, providesExcerptFor, providesMethodFor, providesQuotationFor, qualifies, refutes, reviews, ridicules, sharesAuthorsWith, supports, updates, usesDataFrom, usesMethodIn,

Vocabulary classes and properties

Property: cito:agreesWith

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/agreesWith

agrees with - The citing entity agrees with statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:cites

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/cites

cites - A statement that the citing entity cites the cited entity, either directly and explicitly (as in the reference list of a journal article), indirectly (e.g. by citing a more recent paper by the same group on the same topic), or implicitly (e.g. as in artistic quotations or parodies, or in cases of plagiarism).

sub-property-of:
http://purl.org/swan/2.0/discourse-relationships/refersTo

[back to top]

Property: cito:citesAsAuthority

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsAuthority

cites as authority - The citing entity cites the cited entity as one that provides an authoritative description or definition of the subject under discussion.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:citesAsDataSource

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsDataSource

cites as data source - The citing entity cites the cited entity as source of data.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:citesAsEvidence

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsEvidence

cites as evidence - The citing entity cites the cited entity as source of factual evidence for statements it contains.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:citesAsMetadataDocument

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsMetadataDocument

cites as metadata document - The citing entity cites the cited entity as being the container of metadata describing the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:citesAsRelated

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsRelated

cites as related - The citing entity cites the cited entity as one that is related.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:citesAsSourceDocument

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsSourceDocument

cites as source document - The citing entity cites the cited entity as being the entity from which the citing entity is derived, or about which the citing entity contains metadata.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:citesForInformation

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesForInformation

cites for information - The citing entity cites the cited entity as a source of information on the subject under discussion.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:confirms

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/confirms

confirms - The citing entity confirms facts, ideas or statements presented in the cited entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:containsAssertionFrom

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/containsAssertionFrom

contains assertion from - The citing entity contains a statement of fact or a logical assertion (or a collection of such facts and/or assertions) originally present in the cited entity. This object property is designed to be used to relate a separate abstract, summary or nanopublication to the cited entity upon which it is based.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:corrects

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/corrects

corrects - The citing entity corrects statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:credits

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/credits

credits - The citing entity acknowledges contributions made by the cited entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:critiques

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/critiques

critiques - The citing entity critiques statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:disagreesWith

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/disagreesWith

disagrees with - The citing entity disagrees with statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:discusses

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/discusses

discusses - The citing entity discusses statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:disputes

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/disputes

disputes - The citing entity disputes statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:documents

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/documents

documents - The citing entity documents information about the cited entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:extends

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/extends

extends - The citing entity extends facts, ideas or understandings presented in the cited entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:givesBackgroundTo

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/givesBackgroundTo

gives background to - The cited entity provides background information for the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:givesSupportTo

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/givesSupportTo

gives support to - The cited entity provides intellectual or factual support for the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:includesExcerptFrom

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/includesExcerptFrom

includes excerpt from - The citing entity includes one or more excerpts from the cited entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:includesQuotationFrom

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/includesQuotationFrom

includes quotation from - The citing entity includes one or more quotations from the cited entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:isAgreedWithBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isAgreedWithBy

is agreed with by - The cited entity contains statements, ideas or conclusions with which the citing entity agrees.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isCitedAsAuthorityBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsAuthorityBy

is cited as authority by - The cited entity is cited as providing an authoritative description or definition of the subject under discussion in the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isCitedAsDataSourceBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsDataSourceBy

is cited as data source by - The cited entity is cited as a data source by the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isCitedAsEvidenceBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsEvidenceBy

is cited as evidence by - The cited entity is cited for providing factual evidence to the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isCitedAsMetadataDocumentBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsMetadataDocumentBy

is cited as metadata document by - The cited entity is cited as being the container of metadata relating to the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isCitedAsRelatedBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsRelatedBy

is cited as related by - The cited entity is cited as being related to the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isCitedAsSourceDocumentBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsSourceDocumentBy

is cited as source document by - The cited entity is cited as being the entity from which the citing entity is derived, or about which the citing entity contains metadata.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isCitedBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedBy

is cited by - A statement of fact that the cited entity (the subject of the triple) is cited by the citing entity (the object of the triple).

[back to top]

Property: cito:isCitedForInformationBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedForInformationBy

is cited for information by - The cited entity is cited as a source of information on the subject under discussion in the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isConfirmedBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isConfirmedBy

is confirmed by - The cited entity presents facts, ideas or statements that are confirmed by the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isCorrectedBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCorrectedBy

is corrected by - The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are corrected by the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isCreditedBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCreditedBy

is credited by - The cited entity makes contributions that are acknowledged by the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isCritiquedBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCritiquedBy

is critiqued by - The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are critiqued by the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isDisagreedWithBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDisagreedWithBy

is disagreed with by - The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are disagreed with by the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isDiscussedBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDiscussedBy

is discussed by - The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are discussed by the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isDisputedBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDisputedBy

is disputed by - The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are disputed by the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isDocumentedBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDocumentedBy

is documented by - Information about the cited entity is documented by the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isExtendedBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isExtendedBy

is extended by - The cited entity presents facts, ideas or understandings that are extended by the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isParodiedBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isParodiedBy

is parodied by - The characteristic style or content of the cited entity is imitated by the citing entity for comic effect, usually without explicit citation.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isPlagiarizedBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isPlagiarizedBy

is plagiarized by - The cited entity is plagiarized by the author of the citing entity, who includes within the citing entity textual or other elements from the cited entity without formal acknowledgement of their source. The cited entity is thus not explicitly cited from within the citing entity, according to the norms of scholarly practice, but is cited implicitly.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isQualifiedBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isQualifiedBy

is qualified by - The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are qualified or have conditions placed upon them by the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isRefutedBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isRefutedBy

is refuted by - The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are refuted by the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isReviewedBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isReviewedBy

is reviewed by - The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are reviewed by the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isRidiculedBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isRidiculedBy

is ridiculed by - The cited entity or aspects of its contents are ridiculed by the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isSupportedBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isSupportedBy

is supported by - The cited entity receives intellectual or factual support from the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:isUpdatedBy

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isUpdatedBy

is updated by - The cited entity presents statements, ideas, hypotheses or understanding that are updated by the cited entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:obtainsBackgroundFrom

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/obtainsBackgroundFrom

obtains background from - The citing entity obtains background information from the cited entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:obtainsSupportFrom

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/obtainsSupportFrom

obtains support from - The citing entity obtains intellectual or factual support from the cited entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:parodies

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/parodies

parodies - The citing entity imitates the characteristic style or content of the cited entity for comic effect, usually without explicit citation.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:plagiarizes

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/plagiarizes

plagiarizes - The author of the citing entity plagiarizes the cited entity, by including textual or other elements from the cited entity without formal acknowledgement of their source. The citing entity thus contains no explicit citation of the cited entity, according to the norms of scholarly practice, but cites it implicitly.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:providesAssertionFor

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesAssertionFor

provides assertion for - The cited entity contains and is the original source of a statement of fact or a logical assertion (or a collection of such facts and/or assertions) that is to be found in the citing entity. This inverse object property is designed to be used to relate a cited entity to a separate abstract, summary or nanopublication based upon it.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:providesDataFor

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesDataFor

provides data for - The cited entity presents data that are used in work described in the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:providesExcerptFor

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesExcerptFor

provides excerpt for - The cited entity contains information that is excerpted by (used as an excerpt within) the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:providesMethodFor

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesMethodFor

provides method for - The cited entity details a method that is used in work described by the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:providesQuotationFor

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesQuotationFor

provides quotation for - The cited entity contains information that is quoted by (used as a quotation within) the citing entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:isCitedBy

[back to top]

Property: cito:qualifies

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/qualifies

qualifies - The citing entity qualifies or places conditions or restrictions upon statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:refutes

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/refutes

refutes - The citing entity refutes statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:reviews

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/reviews

reviews - The citing entity reviews statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:ridicules

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/ridicules

ridicules - The citing entity ridicules the cited entity or aspects of its contents.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:sharesAuthorsWith

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/sharesAuthorsWith

shares authors with - The citing entity has at least one author in common with the cited entity.

sub-property-of:
owl:topObjectProperty

[back to top]

Property: cito:supports

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/supports

supports - The citing entity provides intellectual or factual support for statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:updates

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/updates

updates - The citing entity updates statements, ideas, hypotheses or understanding presented in the cited entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:usesDataFrom

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/usesDataFrom

uses data from - The citing entity describes work that uses data presented in the cited entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Property: cito:usesMethodIn

URI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/usesMethodIn

uses method in - The citing entity describes work that uses a method detailed in the cited entity.

sub-property-of:
cito:cites

[back to top]

Privacy Policy | Cookies | vocab.ox.ac.uk is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

Creative Commons Licence